X-Linked Inheritance
Key Points:
X+ = Normal allele (dominant)Xa = Affected allele (recessive)- Males (XY) need only one affected allele
- Females (XX) need two affected alleles
- Females can be carriers (X+Xa)
Examples: Color blindness, Hemophilia A & B, Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Y-Linked Inheritance
Key Points:
- Only males inherit Y-linked traits
- Passed from father to all sons
- Never passed to daughters
- No carriers - either affected or not
- Very rare in humans
Examples: Male infertility genes, hairy ears (hypertrichosis), some height factors
Understanding the Results
The Punnett square shows all possible offspring genotypes and phenotypes.
For X-Linked Traits:
- Males are more commonly affected
- Affected fathers cannot pass to sons
- All daughters of affected fathers are carriers
For Y-Linked Traits:
- Only males affected
- 100% of sons inherit if father has trait
Pea Plant Punnett Square
Explore Mendel's famous dihybrid cross experiments with visual pea representations.
Features:
- Color and shape trait combinations
- Visual pea representations
- 4×4 Punnett square grid
- 9:3:3:1 ratio demonstration
- Classic F2 cross examples
Try Pea Plant Calculator →
Blood Type Calculator
Calculate possible blood types for offspring based on parent blood types and Rh factors.
Features:
- ABO blood type genetics
- Rh factor inheritance
- Visual blood type icons
- Probability percentages
- 4×4 Punnett square
Try Blood Type Calculator →
Hardy-Weinberg Calculator
Calculate allele and genotype frequencies in populations at genetic equilibrium.
Features:
- Population genetics analysis
- Allele frequency calculations
- Genotype distribution
- Equilibrium testing
- Educational explanations
Try Hardy-Weinberg →